From: Subject: ScienceDirect - Radiation Measurements : Assessment of natural radioactivity and associated radiation hazards in some Cameroonian building materials Date: Sun, 6 Jan 2008 10:48:56 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0011_01C85051.BCA656D0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3198 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0011_01C85051.BCA656D0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVS-4MBCJRW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8fa3664fcda25030b04e93028ee0b1f9 =EF=BB=BF ScienceDirect - Radiation Measurements : Assessment = of natural radioactivity and associated radiation hazards in some = Cameroonian building materials
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Ra= diation=20 Measurements
Volume=20 42, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 61-67=20

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doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.07.007   &= nbsp;3D"How  
Copyright =C2=A9 2006=20 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

Assessment of natural radioactivity and associated radiation hazards = in some=20 Cameroonian building materials

M. Ngachina,=20 b,=20 , , M. Garavagliac,=20 C. Giovanic,=20 M.G. Kwato Njocka=20 and A. Nourreddined=20
aCenter for Atomic, Molecular = Physics=20 and Quantum Optics, University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, = Cameroon
bAbdus Salam International Center for = Theoretical=20 Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34014 Trieste, Italy
cRegional Agency for Environmental Protection = (ARPA),=20 91 via Tavagnacco, 33100 Udine, Italy
dInstitut=20 Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR7500 CNRS-IN2P3 et Universit=C3=A9 = Louis=20 Pasteur, 23 Rue du Loess, BP 28, F-67037, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France=20
Received 10 September 2005;  revised 2 July 2006;  = accepted 20=20 July 2006.  Available online 13 November 2006.

Abstract

The concentration of 238U, 232Th and = 40K in=20 13 building materials obtained from factories and collected in field in = Cameroon=20 were investigated by =CE=B3-ray=20 spectrometry. The activity ranged from 1.76 to , 0.32 to and 18 to for 238U, = 232Th and=20 40K, respectively. The highest 238U activity was = found in=20 compressed red soil brick type I () produced by a local = manufacturer while=20 the highest 232Th and 40K ) activities were found in = gravel=20 collected from an exploitation site in Logbadjeck. The activities are = compared=20 with available data from other investigations and with the world average = value=20 for soils. The radium equivalent activity Raeq,=20 the external hazard index Hex,=20 the indoor absorbed dose rate in air and the annual = effective dose=20 equivalent were evaluated to assess = the radiation=20 hazard for people living in dwellings made of the materials studied. All = building materials have shown Raeq=20 (range from 10 to ) lower than the limit of set in the Organization for = Economic=20 Cooperation and Development [OECD, 1979. Exposure to radiation from the = natural=20 radioactivity in building materials. OECD, Paris] report which is = equivalent to=20 a =CE=B3-dose=20 of . Except for the gravel from = Logbadjeck,=20 all the materials examined are acceptable for use as building materials = as=20 defined by the OECD criterion.


Keywords: Natural radioactivity; 238U;=20 232Th; 40K; Radium equivalent; Absorbed dose; = External=20 hazard index; Building materials; =CE=B3-ray=20 spectrometry; Cameroon



Corresponding author. Center for Atomic, Molecular = Physics=20 and Quantum Optics, University of Douala, P.O. Box 8580, Douala, = Cameroon. Tel.:=20 +237 969 95 44; fax: +237 324 67 10. =

Ra= diation=20 Measurements
Volume=20 42, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 61-67
 
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TABLE.sdMainNav { BACKGROUND-POSITION: left top; MARGIN-TOP: 0.2em; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 0.1em solid; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: = repeat-x; HEIGHT: 2em } TD.sdMainNav { BACKGROUND-POSITION: left top; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x } .sci_dirNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #6c9d31 } .sci_dirNavActive { =09 } .blueNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } .blueNavActive { COLOR: #0000aa; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bad3f3 } .redNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } .redNavActive { COLOR: #990000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7cece } .greyNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } .greyNavActive { COLOR: #7f7f7f; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e6e6e6 } .greenNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } .greenNavActive { COLOR: #007703; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2edc0 } .orangeNav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } .orangeNavActive { COLOR: #cc5200; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdfca } TABLE.sdMainNav A:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE.sdMainNavCenter TD { FONT-SIZE: 1em; BORDER-LEFT: white 0.01em solid; HEIGHT: 1.82em } TABLE.sdMainNavCenter TBODY { FONT-SIZE: 1em } TD { FONT-SIZE: 1em } TR { FONT-SIZE: 1em } DIV { FONT-SIZE: 1em } TABLE.sdMainNavCenter { BORDER-RIGHT: white 0.01em solid; HEIGHT: 1.82em } TABLE.sdMainNav A { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.33em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = COLOR: white; PADDING-TOP: 0.19em; HEIGHT: 1.82em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE.sdMainNav A:link { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.33em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = COLOR: white; PADDING-TOP: 0.19em; HEIGHT: 1.82em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } TABLE.sdMainNav A:visited { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.33em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = COLOR: white; PADDING-TOP: 0.19em; HEIGHT: 1.82em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } DIV.sdMainNavPadding { PADDING-RIGHT: 1em; PADDING-LEFT: 1em } .alphaDivider { DISPLAY: inline; WIDTH: 0px; POSITION: relative; HEIGHT: 0px } .alphaSelect { LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: -11px; HEIGHT: 14px; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #777777 } .libBannerText { FONT-SIZE: smaller; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .sci_dirBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } .sci_dirBtnHov { COLOR: #ffffff; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #1d6b2f } .blueBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } .blueBtnHov { COLOR: #0000aa; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bad3f3 } .greenBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } .greenBtnHov { COLOR: #007703; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2edc0 } .greyBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } .greyBtnHov { COLOR: #7f7f7f; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e6e6e6 } .redBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } .redBtnHov { COLOR: #990000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7cece } .orangeBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } .orangeBtnHov { COLOR: #cc5200; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdfca } INPUT.btn { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; WIDTH: auto; = CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #666666 1px solid; TEXT-DECORATION: none } INPUT.btnhov { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; WIDTH: auto; = CURSOR: pointer; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtn { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; CURSOR: = pointer; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtn:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; CURSOR: = pointer; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtnActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtnActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.articleBtn:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } A.btn { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: = 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, = helvetica, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 1.17em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.btn:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: = #666666 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: = 12px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 1px 0px 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = middle; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: = 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, = helvetica, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 1.17em; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } A.sci_dirBtn:hover { COLOR: #ffffff; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #1d6b2f } A.blueBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } A.blueBtn:hover { COLOR: #0000aa; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #bad3f3 } A.greenBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } A.greenBtn:hover { COLOR: #007703; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2edc0 } A.greyBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } A.greyBtn:hover { COLOR: #7f7f7f; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e6e6e6 } A.redBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } A.redBtn:hover { COLOR: #990000; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7cece } A.orangeBtn { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } A.orangeBtn:hover { COLOR: #cc5200; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdfca } A.noul:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: none } .tableFmBg { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #8cc919 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: = #8cc919 2px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .sci_dirBorder { BORDER-TOP: #8cc919 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #8cc919 2px solid } .blueBorder { BORDER-TOP: #0000aa 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0000aa 2px solid } .greenBorder { BORDER-TOP: #007703 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #007703 2px solid } .greyBorder { BORDER-TOP: #7f7f7f 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #7f7f7f 2px solid } .redBorder { BORDER-TOP: #990000 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #990000 2px solid } .orangeBorder { BORDER-TOP: #cc5200 2px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc5200 2px solid } .sci_dirBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #8cc919 2px solid } .blueBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #0000aa 2px solid } .greenBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #007703 2px solid } .greyBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #7f7f7f 2px solid } .redBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #990000 2px solid } .orangeBorderBtm { BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc5200 2px solid } .tableFmBgGray { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .tableFmBgGrayNoCell { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: = 5px; MARGIN: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .tableFmBgPad { MARGIN-TOP: 5px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: = 5px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .tableFmCell { PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; PADDING-TOP: 3px; TEXT-ALIGN: = right } .tableFmCellTop { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; PADDING-TOP: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: = right } .tableFmCellAbove { PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } .tableFmCellL { PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; = MARGIN-LEFT: 10px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; PADDING-TOP: 3px; TEXT-ALIGN: = left } .tableFmDivider { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #ffffff } .redtableFmDivider { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: = 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 2px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #990000 } .SDtxtLarger { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: larger; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif } .SDtxtSmall { FONT-SIZE: xx-small; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif } .SDtxtSmallBold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 0.9em } .SDtxtNote { FONT-SIZE: 1em; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif } .SDtxtNoteSmall { FONT-SIZE: 10px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif } .SDtxtPgTitleBlack { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 150%; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: arial, = helvetica, sans-serif } A.errMsg { COLOR: #ff0000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.errMsg:hover { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .boldText { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } .sci_dirColor { COLOR: #7aa544 } .blueColor { COLOR: #0000aa } .greenColor { COLOR: #007703 } .greyColor { COLOR: #7f7f7f } .redColor { COLOR: #990000 } .orangeColor { COLOR: #cc5200 } .tablePlainWhite { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .inputBox { BORDER-RIGHT: #666666 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #666666 1px solid; = FONT-SIZE: 1em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; BORDER-LEFT: #666666 1px solid; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #666666 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } A.tabActive { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.tabActive:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.tab { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.tab:hover { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; BORDER-TOP: medium = none; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 1px; MARGIN: 0px 2px 0px 0px; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = COLOR: #ffffff; PADDING-TOP: 1px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999999; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.sci_dirTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7aa544 } A.blueTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.blueTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.blueTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #0000aa } A.greenTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.greenTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.greenTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #007703 } A.greyTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.greyTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.greyTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #7f7f7f } A.redTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.redTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.redTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #990000 } A.orangeTabActive { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.orangeTabActive:hover { CURSOR: default; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200; TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.orangeTab:hover { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cc5200 } .textBoxMultipleRow { FONT-SIZE: 1em; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } A.nextPrev { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px 10px; WIDTH: 1%; COLOR: #ffffff; = TEXT-DECORATION: none } A.nextPrev:hover { FONT-SIZE: 1em; MARGIN: 0px 10px; WIDTH: 1%; COLOR: #ffffff; = TEXT-DECORATION: underline } INPUT.nextPrev { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; = PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 5px; = VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = WIDTH: auto; COLOR: #0000ee; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium = none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; TEXT-DECORATION: none } INPUT.nextPrevHov { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 1px; BORDER-TOP: medium none; = PADDING-LEFT: 1px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 5px; = VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; OVERFLOW: visible; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; = WIDTH: auto; COLOR: #0000ee; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium = none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .smCaps { FONT-VARIANT: small-caps } .nowrap { WHITE-SPACE: nowrap } SPAN.hit { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #ff0000 } SPAN.bf { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } SPAN.it { FONT-STYLE: italic } SPAN.monospace { FONT-FAMILY: courier } SPAN.sans-serif { FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif } SPAN.underline { TEXT-DECORATION: underline } SPAN.pit { FONT-SIZE: 0.9em; COLOR: #737373; FONT-FAMILY: arial, verdana, = helvetica, sans-serif } .charImg { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; VERTICAL-ALIGN: = baseline; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } SPAN.cross-out { TEXT-DECORATION: line-through } .refersTable { FONT-SIZE: 1em; LINE-HEIGHT: 16px; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, = sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #efefef } .refersLeftColumn { PADDING-LEFT: 5px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; WIDTH: 55px; = TEXT-ALIGN: right } .refersDivider { 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